Reference material for GROUPING
GROUPING SETS
, ROLLUP
, and CUBE
clauses produce aggregates that use NULL
values to pad columns that are not part of the current grouping set.
This may cause ambiguity if those columns also contain actual NULL
values.
The GROUPING
function helps resolve this ambiguity by distinguishing between columns that are excluded from a grouping set and those that genuinely contain NULL
values.
Key points about the GROUPING
function:
GROUP BY [GROUPING SETS | ROLLUP | CUBE]
clause as arguments.1
if the corresponding column is not part of the grouping set; otherwise, it is 0
.Parameter | Description | Supported input types |
---|---|---|
<expression> | An expression that also appears as a <grouping_element> in a GROUPING SETS , ROLLUP , or CUBE clause. The maximum number of arguments is 31. | Any |
GROUPING
returns a value of type INT
.
addresses
:
user_id | country | county | city |
---|---|---|---|
3 | USA | California | Los Angeles |
34 | USA | California | Los Angeles |
15 | Canada | NULL | NULL |
1 | Canada | Quebec | Montreal |
45 | Canada | Quebec | Montreal |
10 | USA | California | Springfield |
11 | USA | Oregon | Springfield |
23 | Canada | Ontario | London |
30 | UK | Greater London | London |
grouping | country | county | city | count |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | Canada | Ontario | London | 1 |
0 | Canada | Quebec | Montreal | 2 |
0 | Canada | null | null | 1 |
0 | UK | Greater London | London | 1 |
0 | USA | California | Los Angeles | 2 |
0 | USA | California | Springfield | 1 |
0 | USA | Oregon | Springfield | 1 |
1 | Canada | Ontario | null | 1 |
1 | Canada | Quebec | null | 2 |
1 | Canada | null | null | 1 |
1 | UK | Greater London | null | 1 |
1 | USA | California | null | 3 |
1 | USA | Oregon | null | 1 |
3 | Canada | null | null | 4 |
3 | UK | null | null | 1 |
3 | USA | null | null | 4 |
GROUPING
function evaluates to three distinct values: 0, 1, and 3. Each value corresponds to a specific grouping set defined in the GROUP BY GROUPING SETS
clause.
0
indicates that the row is grouped by all specified columns.1
(0b001
in binary) signifies that the city
column is excluded from the grouping.3
(0b011
in binary) indicates that both the county
and city
columns are excluded from the grouping.Canada, NULL, NULL
, by identifying which columns were used for aggregation in each case.