You can use a SET statement in a SQL script to configure aspects of Firebolt’s system behavior. Each statement is a query in its own right and must be terminated with a semi-colon (;). The SET statement cannot be included in other queries. This topic provides a list of available settings by function.

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Setting the time zone

Use this setting to specify the session time zone. Time zone names are from the Time Zone Database. You can see the list of tz database time zones here. For times in the future, the latest known rule for the given time zone is applied. Firebolt does not support time zone abbreviations, as they cannot account for daylight savings time transitions, and some time zone abbreviations have meant different UTC offsets at different times. The default value of the timezone setting is UTC.

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Syntax

SET timezone = '<time_zone>'

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Example

The following code example demonstrates how setting the timezone parameter affects the interpretation and conversion of TIMESTAMPTZ values:

SET timezone = 'UTC';
SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ '1996-09-03 11:19:33.123456 Europe/Berlin';  --> 1996-09-03 09:19:33.123456+00
SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ '2023-1-29 6:3:42.7-3:30';  --> 2023-01-29 09:33:42.7+00

SET timezone = 'Israel';
SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ '2023-1-29 12:21:49';  --> 2023-01-29 12:21:49+02
SELECT TIMESTAMPTZ '2023-1-29Z';  --> 2023-01-29 02:00:00+02

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Enable parsing for literal strings

If set to true, strings are parsed without escaping, treating backslashes literally. By default, this setting is enabled.

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Syntax

SET standard_conforming_strings = [true|false]

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Example

The following code example demonstrates how setting standard_conforming_strings affects the interpretation of escape sequences in string literals:

SET standard_conforming_strings = false;
SELECT '\x3132'; --> 132

SET standard_conforming_strings = true;
SELECT '\x3132'; --> \x3132

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Statement timeout

Specifies the number of milliseconds a SQL statement is allowed to run. Any SQL statement or query exceeding the specified time is canceled. A value of zero disables the timeout by default.

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Syntax

SET statement_timeout = <number_of_milliseconds>;

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Example

The following SQL example sets the query timeout to three seconds:

SET statement_timeout = 3000;

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Limit the number of result rows

When set to a value greater than zero, this setting limits the number of rows returned by SELECT statements. The query is executed as if an additional LIMIT clause is added to the SQL query. A value of zero or less means that no limit is applied. By default, no limit to the number of result rows is applied.

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Syntax

SET max_result_rows = <integer>;

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Example

The following queries all return the same result. For the first query, no explicit settings are set:

SELECT * FROM table LIMIT 10000;

SET max_result_rows = 10000;
SELECT * FROM table;

SET max_result_rows = 10000;
SELECT * FROM table LIMIT 20000;

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Query cancellation mode on connection drop

Specify how the query should behave when the HTTP connection to Firebolt is dropped, such as when the UI window is closed. For this, you can choose between 3 different modes:

  • NONE: The query will not be canceled on connection drop
  • ALL : The query will be canceled on connection drop
  • TYPE_DEPENDENT: Only queries without side effects will be canceled, such as SELECT.

The default is TYPE_DEPENDENT.

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Syntax

SET cancel_query_on_connection_drop = <mode>

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Example

The following code example demonstrates how to control query cancellation behavior when a connection drops using none, all, and type_dependent modes for SET cancel_query_on_connection_drop:

SET cancel_query_on_connection_drop = none;
INSERT INTO X [...]
SELECT * FROM X; 

SET cancel_query_on_connection_drop = all;
INSERT INTO X [...]
SELECT * FROM X;  

SET cancel_query_on_connection_drop = type_dependent;
INSERT INTO X [...] 
SELECT * FROM X;

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Query labeling/tagging

Use this option to label your query with a custom text. This simplifies query cancellation and retrieving the query status from system tables.

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Syntax

SET query_label = '<text>'

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Example

The following code example assigns a query label to a query using SET query_label, allowing you to track it in information_schema, engine_running_queries, and information_schema.engine_query_history. It then demonstrates how to retrieve the QUERY_ID for the labeled query and cancel it using CANCEL QUERY:

SET query_label = 'Hello Firebolt';
SELECT * FROM X;  

SET query_label = '';

SELECT query_id, * FROM information_schema.engine_running_queries WHERE query_label = 'Hello Firebolt'
SELECT query_id, * FROM information_schema.engine_query_history WHERE query_label = 'Hello Firebolt'

CANCEL QUERY WHERE query_id = '<retrieved query_id>'

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Multi-cluster engine warmup

Use this option to distribute queries across all clusters of an engine, simplifying the process of initializing cached data to a consistent state across all clusters after a START ENGINE or ALTER ENGINE operation.

Warmup queries complete after they have run on all clusters of the engine. The queries return an empty result if they succeed on all clusters. If the query fails on any cluster, it returns an error. If multiple errors occur, only one error is returned.

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Syntax

SET warmup = true;

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Example

The following code example activates the warmup mode so that the query runs on production_table using all clusters of an engine, and returns an empty result upon success:

USE ENGINE multi_cluster_engine;
SET warmup = true;
SELECT checksum(*) FROM production_table;
SET warmup = false;

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Result cache

Set enable_result_cache to FALSE to disable the use of Firebolt’s result cache, which is set to TRUE by default. Disabling result cashing can be useful for benchmarking query performance. When enable_result_cache is disabled, resubmitting the same query will recompute the results rather than retrieving them from cache.

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Syntax

SET enable_result_cache = [true|false];

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Example

The following code example disables the result cache so that no previously cached results are used, and no new cache entries are written:

SET enable_result_cache = false;
SELECT checksum(*) FROM production_table;

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Subresult cache

Firebolt implements advanced cross-query optimization that allows SQL queries to reuse intermediate query execution states from previous requests. Subresult caching operates at a semantic level, which allows Firebolt to understand and optimize queries based on the meaning and context of the data rather than solely based on their syntax or structure. This capability allows Firebolt to optimize across different query patterns for improved efficiency.

Set enable_subresult_cache to FALSE to disable Firebolt’s subresult caching, which is set to TRUE by default.

Disabling subresult caching is generally not recommended, as it can negatively impact query performance, especially for complex workloads. For most benchmarking scenarios, disable the result cache instead, as described in the previous Result cache section. This approach affects only the final result caching while preserving the benefits of subresult optimizations.

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Syntax

SET enable_subresult_cache = [true|false];

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Example

The following code example disables the subresult cache so no previously cached subresult is used and no new cache entries are written by this query:

SET enable_subresult_cache = false;
SELECT count(*) FROM fact_table INNER JOIN dim_table ON (a = b);

Setting enable_subresult_cache to FALSE disables the use of all cached subresults. In particular, it deactivates two caching mechanisms that normally speed up query runtimes: the use of the MaybeCache operator, which includes the full result cache, and the hash-table cache used by the Join operator.