Semi-structured data is any data that does not follow a strict tabular schema and often includes fields that are not standard SQL data types. This data typically has a nested structure and supports complex types such as arrays, maps, and structs.

Common formats of semi-structured data include:

  • JSON— A widely used format for semi-structured data. For information on loading JSON data with Firebolt, see Load semi-structured JSON data.
  • Parquet and ORC— Serialization formats that support nested structures and complex data types. For information on loading Parquet data with Firebolt, see Load semi-structured Parquet data.

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Firebolt’s approach to semi-structured data

Firebolt transforms semi-structured data using arrays and structs, enabling efficient querying. These data types allow for flexible modeling of nested and hierarchical data.

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Arrays

Firebolt supports variable-length arrays. These arrays can have arbitrary nesting levels, provided the nesting level is consistent within a column and known during table creation. For more details, see Work with arrays.

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Structs

The STRUCT data type allows you to group multiple attributes of varying data types into a single logical unit. This is especially useful for modeling nested or hierarchical data. For more information, see STRUCT data type.

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Maps

Maps, also known as dictionaries, are not supported natively by Firebolt at the moment. However, there are different approaches to represent them in Firebolt using arrays and structs.

  • A map can be represented using two coordinated arrays—one for keys and one for values. This approach is particularly useful for JSON-like data where objects have varying keys.

  • Alternatively, a map can be represented using an array of STRUCT(key T, value U) data type where T is the data type of the keys and U is the data type of the values. Instead of manipulating two arrays and coordinating indexes, let Firebolt do it for you and enjoy the simpler query syntax.