/* Use all available space for the content container */
div:has(#content-container) {
    max-width: 100%;
}

h2.header-home {
    padding-top: 20px;
    padding-bottom: 20px;
    font-size: 24px;
}

ul.list-home {
    margin-left: 0;
    margin-top: 15px;
    margin-bottom: 15px;
    list-style-type: none;
    font-size: 16px;
}

ul.list-home a::after {
    content: " >";
}

.list-home li {
    margin-bottom: 10px;
}


.query-window {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    font-size: inherit;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    background: #ffffff;
    border: 1px solid #e1e4e8;
    border-radius: 8px;
    margin: 1.5rem 0;
}
.query-toolbar {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    font-size: inherit;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 0;
    padding: 12px 16px;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e1e4e8;
    display: flex;
    justify-content: space-between;
    align-items: center;
}
.query-window .window-title {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-size: 0.95em;
    color: #24292e;
    font-weight: 500;
}
.query-window .run-button {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: inherit;
    font-size: 100%;
    line-height: 1.15;
    margin: 0;
    overflow: visible;
    text-transform: none;
    appearance: button;
    background: #ff0820;
    color: white;
    border: none;
    padding: 6px 16px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    cursor: pointer;
    font-weight: 500;
    transition: background 0.2s ease;
}
.query-window .run-button:disabled {
    background: darkgrey;
    cursor: not-allowed;
}
.query-window .query-content {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    font-size: inherit;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 0;
}
.query-window pre {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: dark;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    font-family: monospace;
    margin: 0;
    padding: 0;
    border: 0;
    min-height: 4em;
    font-size: 0;
    background: #f5f2f0;
}
.query-window code.firebolt-sql {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    -webkit-user-modify: read-write;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    -webkit-line-break: after-white-space;
    min-height: 4em;
    padding: 16px;
    cursor: text;
    width: 100%;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    transition: background-color 0.2s ease;
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    outline: none;
    display: block;
    height: 100%;
    margin: 0; !important;
    font-family: var(--mono-font);
}
.query-window .server-unavailable-banner {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    display: none !important;
    background-color: #fff8e6;
    border: 1px solid #ffd666;
    border-radius: 4px;
    color: #664d03;
    padding: 12px;
    margin: 8px 16px;
    font-family: var(--body-font);
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.5;
    display: flex;
    align-items: center;
}
.query-window .server-unavailable-banner::before {
    content: "⚠️";
    margin-right: 8px;
    font-size: 16px;
}
.query-window .query-window-hidden {
    display: none; !important;
}
.query-window .query-results {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    font-size: inherit;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    padding: 16px;
    border-top: 1px solid #e1e4e8;
    margin: 0;
}
.query-window .results-table {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 0;
    display: table;
    min-width: 100%;
    width: 100%;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    margin-bottom: 1rem;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
}
.query-window .results-table thead {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.query-window .results-table thead tr {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.query-window .results-table thead th {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    min-width: 7.5rem;
    font-size: 14px !important;
    border-left: 0;
    padding: 8px 12px;
    text-align: left;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e1e4e8;
    background-color: #f6f8fa;
    font-weight: 600;
    position: sticky;
    top: 0;
    z-index: 1;
    cursor: default;
    padding-right: 24px;
    color: #24292e;
}
.query-window .results-table thead th::before {
    content: "ⓘ";
    position: absolute;
    right: 8px;
    opacity: 0.5;
    font-size: 12px;
}
.query-window .results-table thead th:hover::before {
    opacity: 1;
}
.query-window .results-table thead th:hover::after {
    content: attr(data-type);
    position: absolute;
    bottom: 100%;
    left: 50%;
    transform: translateX(-50%);
    padding: 4px 8px;
    background: #333;
    color: white;
    font-size: 12px;
    border-radius: 4px;
    white-space: nowrap;
    z-index: 2;
}
.query-window .results-table tbody {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.query-window .results-table tbody tr {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    color: #4d3d3e;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    font-size: 13px;
    box-sizing: border-box;
}
.query-window .results-table tbody td {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    border-collapse: collapse;
    font-family: 'Inter', -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, sans-serif;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    min-width: 7.5rem;
    background-color: #fff;
    font-size: 14px !important;
    border-left: 0;
    padding: 8px 12px;
    text-align: left;
    border-bottom: 1px solid #e1e4e8;
    color: #24292e;
}
.query-window .query-stats {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 0;
    font-size: 0.9em;
    color: #666;
    padding: 8px;
    border-top: 1px solid #ddd;
    background: #f9f9f9;
}
.query-window .error-message {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    font-family: "Inter",sans-serif;
    font-size: inherit;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    line-height: 1.6;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    background-color: #fdf2f2;
    border: 1px solid #fde8e8;
    border-radius: 4px;
    color: #9b1c1c;
    padding: 12px;
    margin: 8px 0;
}
.query-window .error-description {
    text-size-adjust: 100%;
    color-scheme: light;
    overflow-wrap: break-word;
    color: #9b1c1c;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    margin-top: 0;
    font-family: 'SF Mono', 'Roboto Mono', Consolas, monospace;
    font-size: 14px;
    line-height: 1.5;
}


Querying and query optimization

Reference for querying and query optimization commands

Overview

Firebolt Documentation

What is Firebolt?

Platform capabilities

Learn about Firebolt architecture and concepts

Discover how the decoupled compute and storage architecture of the Firebolt data warehouse enables sub-second query performance on terabyte-scale data sets.

Architecture

Pricing and billing

Explore compute cost

Explore storage cost

Learn about Firebolt organization and account concepts to help you administer and manage your Firebolt account.

Organizations and accounts

Learn fundamental concepts about Firebolt Engines.

Engine Fundamentals

Understand Firebolt's consumption metric, Firebolt Unit (FBU), and how to calculate FBU for a given engine configuration.

Engine Consumption

Understand how to organize data from efficient retrieval in Firebolt

Data modeling

Aggregating index

Primary index

Explore how Firebolt supports the data management lifecycle

Data management

Learn about running queries, improving performance, and query optimizations in Firebolt.

Queries

How to understand history-based query optimization

Understanding history-based optimization

How to understand subresult reuse and result caching.

Subresult reuse and result caching

How to understand spilling and reason about its effects.

Spilling

Learn about custom compression for managed tables

Table and Column Compression

Introduction to Firebolt security features and functionality

Security

Guides

Learn about user permissions and how to add and remove users in a Firebolt account.

Manage organization

Register to Firebolt

Learn about how to add and remove accounts in a Firebolt organization.

Manage accounts

Learn about user permissions and how to add and remove logins in a Firebolt account.

Manage logins

Manage programmatic access

Manage users and roles

Understand how Firebolt bills for compute and storage through the AWS Marketplace and your AWS account.

Billing

Follow this getting started tutorial to create a database in a Firebolt data warehouse, load a sample data set from Amazon S3, and run queries over the data.

Get started

Get started using a wizard

Get started using SQL

Resources beyond getting started

Operate Engines

Learn how to use Role Based Access Control to govern engines

Governing Engines

Learn how to create, modify and run Firebolt engines.

Work with engines

Learn how to size engines initially and use engine observability to monitor and resize engines

Sizing Engines

Learn how autoscaling works in Firebolt engines.

Understanding Autoscaling

System Engine

Understand options for loading data into Firebolt from your data lake.

Load data

Understand options for loading data using a data load wizard.

Load data using a wizard

Understand options for loading data into Firebolt using SQL statements.

Load data using SQL

Understand how to create security credentials in AWS

Creating Access Key and Secret ID in AWS

Learn how to use AWS IAM roles to allow Firebolt to access your data lake in Amazon S3.

Use AWS roles to access S3

Understand the role of external tables when loading data into Firebolt, and learn how to configure them to connect to your data lake.

Work with external tables

Query data

Learn how to navigate and use the develop space to work with your Firebolt database.

Use the Develop Space

Learn about using the Firebolt API to interact with Firebolt.

Use the API

Learn about configuring security options in Firebolt

Configure security

Learn about managing RBAC authorization for Firebolt users.

Role-based access control (RBAC)

Learn about creating and managing network policies for Firebolt.

Network policies

Learn about how to enable and disable multi-factor authentication in Firebolt.

Multi-factor authentication

Learn about object Ownership in Firebolt.

Ownership

Learn how to set up and use AWS PrivateLink to connect securely to Firebolt.

AWS PrivateLink

Learn about developing applications powered by Firebolt.

Develop with Firebolt

Learn about using the Node.js SDK for Firebolt.

Node.js

Learn about using the Python SDK for Firebolt.

Python

JDBC

Learn about using the Firebolt adapter for the SQLAlchemy Python SQL toolkit.

SQLAlchemy

Learn about using the .NET SDK for Firebolt.

.NET SDK

Learn about using the Go SDK for Firebolt.

Learn about integrating your applications with Firebolt.

Integrate with Firebolt

Learn how to use the Apache Airflow provider package to connect Airflow to Firebolt.

Airflow

Learn about connecting Apache Superset to Firebolt.

Apache Superset

Learn about connecting Preset to Firebolt.

Preset

Learn how to connect Cube.js to Firebolt.

Cube.js

Airbyte

Learn how to enable Firebolt OpenTelemetry Exporter.

OpenTelemetry Exporter

Tableau

Paradime

Metabase

Kafka CDC with Debezium

Using Estuary to transfer data to Firebolt

Estuary

Configure DBeaver to connect to Firebolt using the JDBC driver.

DBeaver

Use Firebolt MCP Server to enable AI-powered workflows with LLMs.

MCP Server

Export data

Learn how to migrate your workflow into Firebol

Migrate to Firebolt

Learn how to migrate your workflow from Redshift

Migrate from Amazon Redshift

Reference for SQL commands and functions in Firebolt.

SQL reference

Provides the SQL data types available in Firebolt.

Data types

Information schema

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about accounts using the information schema.

Accounts

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about roles using the information schema.

Applicable roles

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt databases using the information schema.

Catalogs

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt columns using the information schema.

Columns

Enabled roles

Engine history

Engine metering history

Use this reference to learn about the resource consumption of your engine

Engine metrics history

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for historical queries in Firebolt.

Engine query history

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for running queries in Firebolt using the information schema.

Engine running queries

Engine user query history

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about engines billing using the information schema.

Engines Billing

Engines

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt indexes using the information schema.

Indexes

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt locations using the information schema.

Locations

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt logins using the information schema.

Logins

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about network policies using the information schema.

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about privileges using the information schema.

Object privileges

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for your Firebolt organization using the information schema.

Organization

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about SQL functions using the information schema.

Routines

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about schemas using the information schema.

Schemata

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about service accounts using the information schema.

Service accounts

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about storage billing using the information schema.

Storage Billing

Use this reference to learn about the storage consumption of your catalogs (databases)

Storage history

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available about storage metering history using the information schema.

Storage Metering History

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt tables using the information schema.

Tables

Transitive applicable roles

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt users using the information schema.

Users

Use this reference to learn about the metadata available for Firebolt views using the information schema.

What is Firebolt?

Overview

Guides

SQL reference

General reference

API reference

Querying and query optimization