> ## Documentation Index
> Fetch the complete documentation index at: https://docs.firebolt.io/llms.txt
> Use this file to discover all available pages before exploring further.

> Reference material for LOWER function

# LOWER

Converts the input string to lowercase characters. Note that Firebolt uses the `POSIX` locale, therefore `lower` only converts the ASCII characters “A” through “Z” to lowercase. Non-ASCII characters remain unchanged.

## Syntax

```sql theme={"theme":{"light":"github-light","dark":"github-dark"}}
LOWER(<expression>)
```

## Parameters

| Parameter      | Description                                         | Supported input types |
| :------------- | :-------------------------------------------------- | :-------------------- |
| `<expression>` | The string to be converted to lowercase characters. | `TEXT`                |

## Return Type

`TEXT`

## Example

The following example converts a game player's username from uppercase to lowercase characters:

```sql theme={"theme":{"light":"github-light","dark":"github-dark"}}
SELECT
	LOWER('ESIMPSON') as username
```

**Returns**: `esimpson`

Because Firebolt uses the `POSIX` locale, non-ASCII characters are not lowercased:

```sql theme={"theme":{"light":"github-light","dark":"github-dark"}}
SELECT LOWER('MÜNCHEN')
```

**Returns**: `mÜnchen`